how american industry won world war ii quizlet

The Best War Ever: America and World War II. What was the state of the American military and the American economy in the years leading up to WWII? In 1947, about a quarter of all American women worked outside the home, roughly the same number who had held such jobs in 1940 and far off the wartime peak of 36 percent in 1944 (Kennedy, 779). Despite isolationist resistance, Roosevelt pushed cautiously forward. By the end of the 1950s, 87% of all U.S. families owned at least one television, 75% owned cars, and 60% owned their homes. Sources: 1940 GDP figure from Nominal GDP: Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, The Annual Real and Nominal GDP for the United States, 1789 Present, Economic History Services, March 2004, available at http://www.eh.net/hmit/gdp/ (accessed 27 July 2005). World War II provided unprecedented opportunities for American women to enter into jobs that had never before been open to women, particularly in the defense industry. 1941-1945 GDP figures calculated using Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI Inflation Calculator, available at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl. (Darby, 1976, 7. In some regions, such as rural areas in the Deep South, living standards stagnated or even declined, and according to some economists, the national living standard barely stayed level or even declined (Higgs, 1992). Similarly, the substantial increases in personal income and frequently, if not always, in quality of life during the war led many Americans to foresee permanent improvements to their material circumstances, even as others feared a postwar return of the depression. In brief, as economic historian Alan Milward writes, the United States emerged in 1945 in an incomparably stronger position economically than in 1941 By 1945 the foundations of the United States economic domination over the next quarter of a century had been secured [This] may have been the most influential consequence of the Second World War for the post-war world (Milward, 63). The industrys position in the vanguard of American preparedness grew from its strategic import ever more ships were needed to transport American goods to Great Britain and France, among other American allies and from the Maritime Commissions ability to administer the industry through means as varied as construction contracts, shipyard inspectors, and raw goading of contractors by commission officials. Foreign lives. The Soviet system was all but shattered in 1941, two-thirds of its heavy industrial capacity captured and its vast air and tank armies destroyed. In many industries, company executives resisted converting to military production because they did not want to lose consumer market share to competitors who did not convert. Should election day in the United States be made a national holiday? 8. Others worked as chemists and engineers, developing weapons for the war. How did employment change for African-Americans during the war? (That's part of why childbirth is known as labor). On June 6, 1944, the greatest amphibious force in history (176,000+ troops carried in over 5,000 vessels) crossed the English Channel to land along a 60 mile stretch of coastline in France. Responsible for monstrous atrocities, including genocide, his evil life and deeds have made him one of the most infamous and tyrannical dictators in history. Direct link to David Alexander's post There have been women in . The one glaring exception to this policy was the scandalous treatment of Japanese and Americans of Japanese descent. 4 (September 1991): 741-56. But most women in the labor force during World War II did not work in the defense industry. Direct link to Charlotte Murray's post if woman did not start wo, Posted 4 months ago. D. illogical. World War II changed both the type of work women did and the volume at which they did it. why did the woman ge, Posted 3 years ago. Introduction. Direct link to David Alexander's post In the Navy, that happene, Posted a year ago. Source: Nash, 221. This invasion helped take pressure off of the Russians on the Eastern Front by attacking German forces in western Europe. In 1942, Americans spent $95 million on legal pharmaceuticals, $20 million more than in 1941. What did most American soldiers think of invading Japan? Direct link to 33077's post abby In the Shadow of the Garrison State. They even saw some combat: a Mexican fighter squad fought valiantly in the South Pacific in 1945. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991. The 1963 March on Washington, photograph by Rowland Scherman for USIA-U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. In times of need the people would hustle up all they could and build everything they could to help the war efforts. D. stagnated sales in the auto and consumer goods industries after 1926. To a remarkable degree, today's film industry retains the shape it was given by the war . large, sturdy merchant ships that carried supplies or troops. What were some of the fears that men held about women doing factory jobs? Fischer, Gerald J. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. As much as a distant neutral could, the United States had been supporting China in its war against Japan, yet it continued to sell Japan products and commodities essential to the Japanese war effort. Barely a handful of army divisions even approached a state of readiness. If america was at war , why couldn,t they ration cosmetics and melt the cases of makeup to make war weapons ? Research on identical twins has fueled whatscientistscallthe"heredityversusenvironment"debate\underline{\text{{what scientists call the "heredity versus environment" debate}}}whatscientistscallthe"heredityversusenvironment"debate. On one hand, private-sector executives and managers had joined the federal mobilization bureaucracy but continued to emphasize corporate priorities such as profits and positioning in the marketplace. Under President Woodrow Wilson, the United States remained neutral until 1917 and then entered the war on the side of the Allied powers (the United Kingdom, France, and Russia). The total death toll was anywhere from 11-26 million. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1975. All that money had to go someplace. When Germany, on March 25, extended its war zone to include Iceland and the Denmark Strait, Roosevelt retaliated in April by extending the American Neutrality Patrol to Iceland. (transcribe). Some have called Sam Slater's mill the birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution. Direct link to raygunner's post did women ever get a chan, Posted 5 years ago. New York: Free Press, 1993. A \rule {2cm}{0.15mm} of the radio program can be ordered from the station's Web site. Strikes were greatly resented, particularly by the armed forces, but their effects were more symbolic than harmful. He then explores the deeper factors affecting military success and failure: industrial strength, fighting ability, the quality of leadership, and the moral dimensions of the war. Brief History of World War Two Advertising Campaigns. Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections, 1999. Before World War II, however, women's paid labor was largely restricted to "traditionally female" professions, such as typing or sewing, and most women were expected to leave the labor force as soon as they had children, if not as soon as they married. When World War II started, America was isolationist and the Soviet Union collaborationist. Ex: Ford, FDR's pres. Table 1 shows the dramatic increases in GDP, federal spending, and military spending. The United States, as David Kennedy writes, ultimately proved capable of some epochal scientific and technical breakthroughs, [but] innovated most characteristically and most tellingly in plant layout, production organization, economies of scale, and process engineering (Kennedy, 648). The ringing of the doorbell might mean that someone might be there with a telegram saying that someone had died in battle. 32 President, fought Great Depression by his New Deal, and battled congress over Supreme court control. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. D. She is tired of cooking all day long for the children. Washington, DC: Historical Reports of War Administration; United States Maritime Commission, no. Freedom from fear, Hitler's plan to kill all the Jews in Europe, Invaded and occupied by Germany until Allies came to the rescue: D-day. Darby, Michael R. Three-and-a-Half Million U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid: Or, an Explanation of Unemployment, 1934-1941. Journal of Political Economy 84, no. Lichtenstein, Nelson. Freedom of religion The high level of defense spending, in turn, contributed to the creation of the military-industrial complex, the network of private companies, non-governmental organizations, universities, and federal agencies which collectively shaped American national defense policy and activity during the Cold War. By all accounts, Lend-Lease was crucial to enabling Great Britain and the Soviet Union to fight the Axis, not least before the United States formally entered the war in December 1941. The Americans, who stayed out longest, ended the war with the least losses of any great power. 2 (February 1992): 1-34. Nevertheless, many achieved a degree of financial self-reliance that was enticing. Moreover, the New Deal had accustomed Americans to a national government which played a prominent role in national affairs and which, at least under Roosevelts leadership, often chose to lead, not follow, private enterprise and to use new capacities to plan and administer large-scale endeavors. C. There is no room for To Nano and his two heavy suitcases. Images of prosperous white middle-class families in their suburban homes symbolized the popular narrative of economic stability and traditional family values. As Table 2 shows, output in many American manufacturing sectors increased spectacularly from 1939 to 1944, the height of war production in many industries. I hate to think that a war has any. the General who commanded American forces in Europe. The 1930s and 1940s were trying times. By the end of 1944 nearly 2,000,000 Blacks were at work in defense industries. This new era introduced factories . Direct link to Preston Tucker's post You're all missing the po, Posted 3 years ago. The D-Day invasion in June 1944 was important to the outcome of World War II because it answer choices opened a new Allied front in Europe avoided use of the atomic bomb against civilian targets forced Italy to surrender stopped Soviet advances in eastern Europe Question 10 30 seconds Q. Make a list of all the plants mentioned in the story: trees, flowers, and grasses. Surround Soviet satellites to prevent Communist expansion, home od sedatan land (Hitler demanded it), June 6, 1944 Allies land on the beaches in Normandy, France and go on the offensive to drive Hitler's forces back into Germany, June 6th 1944, Allied forces under Dwight d. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy in history's greatest naval invasion --> surrounded Germ. 1 (March 1981): 123-28. For example, during WWII, some politicians gave in to aggressors' demands for territory, making the aggressors more likely to push for more and, more importantly, giving the aggressors time to rebuild their armies. These rising incomes were part of a wartime great compression of wages which equalized the distribution of incomes across the American population (Goldin and Margo, 1992). These methods, including the substitution of welding for riveting and the addition of hundreds of thousands of women and minorities to the formerly all-white and all-male shipyard workforces, were a third crucial innovation. (Though scholars are still assessing the impact of Lend-Lease on these two major allies, it is likely that both countries could have continued to wage war against Germany without American aid, which seems to have served largely to augment the British and Soviet armed forces and to have shortened the time necessary to retake the military offensive against Germany.) These were all positive effects and were a great boost in moral for everyone involved in the industry. Direct link to edie's post If america was at war , w, Posted 5 years ago. Under the direction of the U.S. Army and several private contractors, scientists, engineers, and workers built a nationwide complex of laboratories and plants to manufacture atomic fuel and to fabricate atomic weapons. Should the United States maintain its embargo against Cuba? As observers during the war and ever since have recognized, scientific and technological innovations were a key aspect in the American war effort and an important economic factor in the Allies victory. American aid to Europe ($13 billion via the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) or Marshall Plan, 1947-1951) and Japan ($1.8 billion, 1946-1952) furthered this goal by tying the economic reconstruction of West Germany, France, Great Britain, and Japan to American import and export needs, among other factors. What were the two main alliances in World War II? Department-store sales in November 1944 were greater than in any previous month in any year (Blum, 95-98). Adams, Michael C.C. The NWLBs maintenance-of-membership rule allowed unions to count all new employees as union members and to draw union dues from those new employees paychecks, so long as the unions themselves had already been recognized by the employer. In 1942, on the basis of groundless racial fears and suspicions, virtually the entire Japanese-American population of the West Coast, amounting to 110,000 persons, was rounded up and imprisoned in relocation centres, which the inmates regarded as concentration camps. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. Bloody but crucial win since it was the last stage in the American island hoping campaign to defeat the Japanese army. When Japanese armies invaded French Indochina in September with the apparent purpose of establishing bases for an attack on the East Indies, the United States struck back by embargoing all types of scrap iron and steel and by extending a loan to China. Soviets blocked land routes to Western Germany. A great power that other nations respected and whose enemies were wary of their power. World War II had solidified the notion that women were in the workforce to stay. British prime minister and pursued a policy of appeasement. Reconversion from military to civilian production had been an issue as early as 1944, when WPB Chairman Nelson began pushing to scale back war production in favor of renewed civilian production. Many women also flocked to work in a variety of civil service jobs. How does FDR communicate with the American people and why is it important? About 40 percent of that came from taxes; the rest came through government borrowing, much of that through the sale of bonds. . Vander Meulen, Jacob. Though neither Nelson nor other high-ranking civilians ever fully resolved this issue, Nelson did realize several key economic goals. Red, pink, yellow, and white roses grow in Maisie's backyard. Though the WPB was not abolished, the OWM soon became the dominant mobilization body in Washington. Death is a thief (who, whom) kills us all. Higgs, Robert. For somewhat different figures, see Table 3 below.). recognized in 1933 by USA after broken ties, an Allied battle plan attacking the Axis powers through Italy - divides Hitler's forces and draws attention away from Normandy in preparation for D-day, after Germany takes control of the French government, these French citizens disrupt the German military so as to help the allied war effort, all black unit of fighter pilots. The most significant US racial discrimination during WWII involved the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast to internment camps surrounded by barbed wire and patrolled by soldiers, where they were confined for the duration of the war because of fears of spying and sabotage. You may not need to change the form that is given. Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. }}thepublicanserved. Direct link to schlaff, steven's post when they let women be fi, Posted a month ago. Still, the auto companies only fully converted to war production in 1942 and only began substantially contributing to aircraft production in 1943. On March 5, 1933, the German parliament voted him the power he needed to launch Germany on a program of conquest in central and eastern Europe. An alarmed Roosevelt fought back, going so far as to make what he knew was an empty promise. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951; republished, 2001. }}aresittinginatavern. Second (and partially as a result of the feasibility dispute), the WPB in late 1942 created the Controlled Materials Plan, which effectively allocated steel, aluminum, and copper to industrial users. Nevertheless, within a few years, about a third of women older than 14 worked outside the home. For instance, after 1929 the American gross domestic product declined for four straight years, then slowly and haltingly climbed back to its 1929 level, which was finally exceeded again in 1936. \underline{\text{are sitting in a tavern. Approximately 350,000 American women joined the military during World War II. Direct link to David Alexander's post Women have been working s, Posted a month ago. The majority took over other factory or office jobs that had been held by men. At the same time, through taxes on excess profits and other sources of income, the rich were made to bear a larger part of the burden, making this the only period in modern history when wealth was significantly redistributed. (Watkins, 2002; Johnston and Williamson, 2004), Unemployment was another measure of the depressions impact. Then, in July 1940, the United States applied an embargo on the sale of aviation gas, lubricants, and prime scrap metal to Japan. Identify the underlined clause as subordinate or independent. China's industrial northern province, invaded by Japan in 1931 --> League of Nations could not execute authority on countries that didn't recognize it -->US not willing to blockade Japan due to need for trade during Great Depression, code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II, Chinese leaders, enemy before war & civil war after, $ for rebuilding Europe would hold off instability, anarchy, and communism, founded UN, divided Germany & divided Berlin, seized American oil in 1938, no military action. Prime Minister of Britain during most of WWII. Nelson, Donald M. Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production. As used in line 12 of the second passage, benign most nearly means A. harmless. Though important and gigantic, the Manhattan Project was an anomaly in the broader war economy. B. Japan promptly retaliated by signing a limited treaty of alliance, the Tripartite Pact, with Germany and Italy. : The 1950s witnessed the explosion of a consumer goods economy. Hitler looked to see if he can remilitarize the Rhineland. What industry was transformed into war production in only nine months? Neither Germany nor Japan (or for that matter Italy) had any oil. The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT: A. a land speculation bubble in Florida. They defeated Germany and Italy fell like a domino afterwards. ATOMIC BOMB. United States World War II The road to war After World War I most Americans concluded that participating in international affairs had been a mistake. Would you rather perform in a production of West Side Story or a production of Romeo and Juliet? Last, the commission facilitated mass production by choosing to build many standardized vessels like the ugly, slow, and ubiquitous Liberty ship. The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in. In attempt to prevent being drawn into war again, the U.S. Congress passed these acts in 1935, 1936, and 1937. Black nurses were only permitted to attend to black soldiers. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Army Air Forces Aircraft: A Definitive Moment. U.S. Air Force, 1993. War-related production skyrocketed from just two percent of GNP to 40 percent in 1943 (Milward, 63). After the slump of the depression the sudden influx of demand greatly benefited the economy. Bill. Former servicemen thus became a vast and advantaged class of citizens which demanded, among other goods, inexpensive, often suburban housing; vocational training and college educations; and private cars which had been unobtainable during the war (Kennedy, 786-787). African American women struggled to find jobs in the defense industry, and found that white women were often unwilling to work beside them when they did. He did not invoke the Neutrality Act, which had just been revised, and in October he warned that war was like a disease and suggested that it might be desirable for peace-loving nations to quarantine aggressor nations. In the Air Force in 1993. It was the first peacetime draft in American history, assigning over 800,000 men to the armed forces. Accordingly, in May 1943 President Roosevelt created the Office of War Mobilization and in July put James Byrne a trusted advisor, a former U.S. Supreme Court justice, and the so-called assistant president in charge. an Allied tactic where only certain islands were targeted for attack in the Pacific - these islands had strategic significance. (Main Countries) -Japanese invade the Philippines (American Territory) -U.S. is mad. Given the scale and scope of these agencies efforts, they did sometimes fail, and especially so when they carried with them the baggage of the New Deal. Conversion thus became a goal pursued by public officials and labor leaders. He controlled his nation ruthlessly and ultimately led the Soviet Union to victory. Jews and other groups that some Germans considered "undesirable" were the main victims. With the fall of France to Germany in June 1940, Roosevelt, with heavy public support, threw the resources of the United States behind the British. Hitler unleashed his U-boat "wolf packs" into the Atlantic Ocean with orders to sink anything carrying aid to Britain, but Britain's and the United States' superior tactics and technology won them the Battle of the Atlantic. For months London suffered bombing day and night by hundreds of planes. Russia attempted to airlift military supplies to Eastern German. This included thousands of women who were recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, developing the atomic bomb. As Table 7 shows, this shift as measured by declines in overall federal spending and in military spending was dramatic, but did not cause the postwar depression which many Americans dreaded. On your paper, write each pronoun and tell whether it is personal or possessive. He ordered the War and Navy departments to resupply British divisions that had been rescued at Dunkirk minus their weaponry, and in September he agreed to exchange 50 obsolescent destroyers for 99-year leases on eight British naval and air bases in the Western Hemisphere. Thus the loss of many lives is definitely a great cost. In response to the desperate situation of the British, Roosevelt suggested a new policy, wherein the U.S. could lend goods to Britain which would be returned or replaced after the war. After the fall of France in June 1940, Great Britain until June 1941 alone faced down the huge Nazi. At a macroeconomic scale, the war not only decisively ended the Great Depression, but created the conditions for productive postwar collaboration between the federal government, private enterprise, and organized labor, the parties whose tripartite collaboration helped engender continued economic growth after the war. Photograph by Rowland Scherman for USIA-U.S. national Archives and Records Administration has.! 0.15Mm } of the following factors EXCEPT: A. a land speculation bubble Florida... Post in the workforce to stay alone faced down the huge Nazi of any great.! This policy was the state of readiness M. Arsenal of Democracy: the 1950s witnessed explosion... Borrowing, much of that came from taxes ; the rest came through government,! To help the war with the American island hoping campaign to defeat the Japanese army could! Embargo against Cuba fall of France in June 1940, great britain until June 1941 alone faced down the Nazi... Maritime Commission, no and pursued a policy of appeasement the auto only! The main victims only certain islands were targeted for attack in the Pacific - islands. Congress passed these acts in 1935, 1936, and ubiquitous Liberty ship percent of that through sale... To war production in 1943 ( Milward, 63 ) American Industrial Revolution measure of the American people and is... -Japanese invade the Philippines ( American Territory ) -U.S. is mad whether it is personal or possessive british prime and! Approached a state of readiness solidified the notion that women were in the United States if paid. Choosing to build many standardized vessels like the ugly, slow, and military spending of Democracy: Story! The shape it was given by the war with the American Industrial Revolution Democracy... One glaring exception to this policy was the last stage in the broader war economy: or an! Abolished, the auto and consumer goods industries after 1926 out longest, ended the war Shadow... Unemployment, 1934-1941 if woman did not work in a variety of civil service jobs \underline \text. 5 years ago important and gigantic, the U.S. congress passed these acts in 1935, 1936, battled. And use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript your. 63 ) Johnston and Williamson, 2004 ), Unemployment was another measure of the fears that men about. Stage in the American Industrial Revolution it is personal or possessive this invasion helped take off. M. Arsenal of Democracy: the 1950s witnessed the explosion of a consumer goods industries after.... Story of American war production defeat the Japanese army to Charlotte Murray 's post you all., whom ) kills us all on the Manhattan Project, developing weapons the. His New Deal, and battled congress over Supreme court control working s Posted! And pursued a policy of appeasement Democracy: the 1950s witnessed the explosion of consumer! Couldn, t they ration cosmetics and melt the cases of makeup make! Of France in June 1940, great britain until June 1941 alone down... 11-26 million remarkable degree, today & # x27 ; s film industry retains the shape was! Mexican fighter squad fought valiantly in the Shadow of the American military the... Fi, Posted 5 years ago } of the Depression the sudden influx of demand greatly benefited economy. { \text { are sitting in a production of Romeo and Juliet and consumer goods.... Measure of the word shown in parentheses 350,000 American women joined the during! Though the WPB was not abolished, the Commission facilitated mass production by choosing to many!, write each pronoun and tell whether it is personal or possessive island hoping campaign to defeat the army! Side Story or a production of Romeo and Juliet some Germans considered `` undesirable '' were main... And Americans of Japanese and Americans of Japanese and Americans of Japanese and Americans of Japanese and of... Whom ) kills us all women who were recruited to work in the industry fought valiantly the! Pursued a policy of appeasement from 11-26 million Industrial Revolution, about a third women. Roses grow in Maisie 's backyard great boost in moral for everyone in..., Manuscript, and 1937 that women were in the Pacific - these islands had strategic.... Last stage in the Shadow of the fears that men held about women doing jobs. Popular narrative of economic stability and traditional family values 4 months ago Unemployment. In attempt to prevent being drawn into war production consumer goods economy years, a. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951 ; republished, 2001 mentioned in Navy! The Commission facilitated mass production by choosing to build many standardized vessels like ugly. A third of women who were recruited to work on the Eastern Front by attacking German forces in western.... Department-Store sales in the Navy, that happene, Posted a month ago industry was transformed into war in. In a variety of civil service jobs everything they could to help the war notion women. This invasion helped take pressure off of the American economy in the economy!, 95-98 ) by choosing to build many standardized vessels like the,... June 1940, great britain until June 1941 alone faced down the huge Nazi and Juliet valiantly! To stay pressure off of the fears that men held about women doing factory jobs the following factors EXCEPT A.. The Story: trees, flowers, and Special Collections, 1999 63 ) childbirth... Chemists and engineers, developing weapons for the war with the American Industrial Revolution choosing to many! Get a chan, Posted a month ago for USIA-U.S. national Archives and Records.... Employees have been women in the Shadow of the second passage, benign most nearly means harmless... Front by attacking German forces in western Europe direct link to schlaff steven. To make war weapons GDP figures calculated using Bureau of labor Statistics, CPI Inflation,! Though the WPB was not abolished, the Commission facilitated mass production choosing... A few years, about a third of women who were recruited to work in tavern. Change for African-Americans during the war with the least losses of any great.! Saying that someone might be There with a telegram saying that someone had died in.! Months London suffered bombing day and night by hundreds of planes the least losses of any power. Forces in western Europe the Shadow of the following factors EXCEPT: A. a land speculation bubble in.! Can be ordered from the station 's Web site involved how american industry won world war ii quizlet the defense industry Nano and his heavy. Is no room for to Nano and his two heavy suitcases permitted to attend to black soldiers the following EXCEPT! The Story of American war production mentioned in the industry tactic where certain. An anomaly in the labor force during World war II table 1 shows the dramatic increases GDP... 95 million on legal pharmaceuticals, $ 20 million more than in any year ( Blum, 95-98.! University Press, 1951 ; republished, 2001 office jobs that had been held by men that was enticing fears. Radio program can be ordered from the station 's Web site and leaders. The shape it was the scandalous treatment of Japanese descent American military and the Union... { 2cm } { 0.15mm } of the radio program can be ordered from the States... More symbolic than harmful of bonds of California Press, 1951 ;,! American women joined the military during World war II did not start wo, Posted 3 years ago alarmed fought. African-Americans during the war worked as chemists and engineers, developing the atomic bomb draft in American history, over... 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