in what style was exodus written

Pharaoh's daughter finds the child, names him Moses, and out of sympathy for the Hebrew boy, brings him up as her own. The majority of modern scholars date the composition of the Torah to the Middle Persian Period. Yahweh tells Moses to summon Joshua, whom Yahweh commissions to lead the conquest of Canaan. It was written somewhere around in the year 1450 to 1410 BC. The Israelites begin as servants to Pharaoh and end as servants to God. Are you truly redeemed? God gives Moses the two tablets of stone containing the words of the ten commandments, written with the "finger of God".[18]. All rights reserved. I am slow of speech and tongue., The LORD said to him, Who gave man his mouth? By incorporating all the aspects of the Israelites journey into Gods house, all their experiences, even the bad ones, find their place in Gods house. 'Departure from Egypt'[a]) is the founding myth[b] of the Israelites whose narrative is spread over four books of the Torah (or Pentateuch, corresponding to the first five books of the Bible), namely Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. But, Moses and all the other people had to gather the courage for robbing and following God. God also orders the people to listen carefully to his commandments; if they do so, he will spare them the diseases he brought on the Egyptians. The book of Exodus provides an account of Israel's departure from bondage in Egypt and their preparation to inherit the promised land as the Lord's covenant people. Moses and Aaron return to the pharaoh and this time ask him to free the Israelites. [71] Mark Walter Bartusch noted that the nehushtan is not mentioned at any prior point in Kings, and suggests that the brazen serpent was brought to Jerusalem from the Northern Kingdom after its destruction in 722 BCE. These letters were written with a familiarity of the areas or problems being discussed and with an apostolic tone of authority. [96] The festivals associated with the Exodus began as agricultural and seasonal feasts but became completely subsumed into the Exodus narrative of Israel's deliverance from oppression at the hands of God. 1:11), as well as stating that 600,000 Israelite men were involved (Exodus 12:37). "[73] In addition, there is widespread agreement that the revelation of the law in Deuteronomy was originally separate from the Exodus:[74] the original version of Deuteronomy is generally dated to the 7th century BCE. C. Law, Exodus 20-23. The goal of the divine plan in Exodus is a return to humanity's state in Eden, so that God can dwell with the Israelites as he had with Adam and Eve through the Ark and Tabernacle, which together form a model of the universe; in later Abrahamic religions Israel becomes the guardian of God's plan for humanity, to bring "God's creation blessing to mankind" begun in Adam. [10] In the first book of the Pentateuch, the Book of Genesis, the Israelites had come to live in Egypt in the Land of Goshen during a famine due to the fact that an Israelite, Joseph, had become a high official in the court of the pharaoh. [72] Joel S. Baden noted that "[t]he seams [between the Exodus and Wilderness traditions] still show: in the narrative of Israel's rescue from Egypt there is little hint that they will be brought anywhere other than Canaan yet they find themselves heading first, unexpectedly, and in no obvious geographical order, to an obscure mountain. Aware of his origins, an adult Moses kills an Egyptian overseer who is beating a Hebrew slave and flees into Midian to escape punishment. [c] The pharaoh also orders the slaughter at birth of all male Hebrew children. Who gives him sight or makes him blind? This is not correct. Yahweh tells Moses to ascend Mount Nebo, from where he sees the promised land and where he dies. The book of Exodus is the story of God rescuing the children of Israel from Egypt and forging a special relationship with them. Meindert Dijkstra wrote that while the historicity of the Mosaic origin of the Nehushtan is unlikely, its association with Moses appears genuine rather than the work of a later redactor. The main ones include Moses, who was the main character of the book of exodus. The old pharaoh dies and a new one ascends the throne.[10]. [81] The books containing the Exodus story served as an "identity card" defining who belonged to this community (i.e., to Israel), thus reinforcing Israel's unity through its new institutions. Moses uses his staff to part the Red Sea, and the Israelites cross on dry ground, but the sea closes down on the pursuing Egyptians, drowning them all. Mosess unique education in the royal courts of Egypt certainly provided him the opportunity and ability to pen these works (Acts 7:22). . [114], A number of historical events and situations have been compared to the Exodus. As desert life proves arduous, the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, but God miraculously provides manna for them to eat and water to drink. The Israelites then journey with the prophet Moses to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh gives the 10 commandments and they enter into a covenant with Yahweh, who promises to make them a "holy nation, and a kingdom of priests" on condition of their faithfulness. [110] In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus reverses the direction of the Exodus by escaping from the Massacre of the Innocents committed by Herod the Great before himself returning from Egypt (Matt 2:13-15). Written in a clear and accessible style, this major, up-to-date, evangelical, exegetical commentary opens up the riches of the book of Exodus. A "store city" or "supply city" was a city used to store provisions and garrison an important campaign route. Various verses from the Bible which contains the mention of the Second book of the Bible are given below along with the exact stanza: The LORD said, I have indeed seen the misery of my people in Egypt. [86] In this version, Moses is portrayed extremely positively. Exodus and Deuteronomy are all written in the third person by Moses, never using I or me. [16] On this plan, the first part tells of God's rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai (chapters 119) and the second tells of the covenant between them (chapters 2040).[17]. When the Lord called him for giving the opportunity, he replied to him by saying that he is not worth having that particular opportunity. Pharaoh finally casts the Israelites out of Egypt after his firstborn son is killed. When they arrive at Mt. The people start to complain, Moses prays, and the LORD shows Moses a piece of wood. [70][h] In the Pentateuch, Moses creates the brazen serpent in Numbers 21:4-9. [44] It is also possible that oppressive Egyptian rule of Canaan during the late second millennium BCE may have aided the adoption of the story of a small group of Egyptian refugees by the native Canaanites among the Israelites. But it was only after Christians began to fast specifically prior to Easter, about 300 years after Jesuss death, that anyone looked to the Bible to find a source for the practice. The 10th plague then comes that night, causing the death of all Egyptian firstborn sons, and prompting Pharaoh to command a final pursuit of the Israelites through the Red Sea as they escape Egypt. D. Specifications for the Tabernacle, Exodus 25-31, and its construction, Exodus 35-40 Exodus picks up where Genesis, the first book of Pentateuch, leaves off, and traces how God builds a nationIsrael, his chosen peopleout of the descendants of Genesis's patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. [30] The geography is vague with regions such as Goshen unidentified, and there are internal problems with dating in the Pentateuch. Pharaoh, Pharaohs daughter, Jethro, and Joshua were also some of the characters of the book. Historical narrative, Exodus 1-19; 24; 32-34. This period of years represents the time it takes for a new generation to arise (Numbers 32:13). In the final plague, Yahweh kills all the firstborn sons of Egypt and the firstborn cattle, but the Israelites, with blood on their doorposts, are spared. These potential influences serve to reinforce the conclusion that the Book of Exodus originated in the exiled Jewish community of 6th-century BCE Babylon, but not all the potential sources are Mesopotamian: the story of Moses's flight to Midian following the murder of the Egyptian overseer may draw on the Egyptian Story of Sinuhe. The exact date when this book was written is not confirmed, but various pieces of evidence have been found in the history which hint that this particular book was written somewhere between the period was the great Moses from the Bible was alive. Book of Exodus is a detailed description of the call of God for the people of Israel for getting up and leaving their position of slavery in Egypt. Moses goes up the mountain into the presence of God, who pronounces the Covenant Code of ritual and civil law and promises Canaan to them if they obey. SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW POETRY. [6][7], The biblical Exodus is central in Judaism. Do you mean in terms of biblical chronology, or in terms of reality? The majority of modern scholars date the composition of the Torah to the Middle Persian Period (5th century BCE). The Israelites then journey with the prophet Moses to Mount Sinai, where Yahweh gives the 10 commandments and they enter into a covenant with Yahweh, who promises to make them a "holy nation, and a kingdom of priests" on condition of their faithfulness. [84] The earliest non-biblical account is that of Hecataeus of Abdera (c. 320 BCE), as preserved in the first century CE Jewish historian Josephus in his work Against Apion and in a variant version by the first-century BCE Greek historian Diodorus. [104] A third Jewish festival, Sukkot, the Festival of Booths, is associated with the Israelites living in booths after they left their previous homes in Egypt. This particular book is considered to be having tremendous spiritual significance among the people. Exodus 13:8, suggested pharaohs in the Exodus narrative, "Out of the Mists of History: The Exaltation of the Exodus in the Bible", "From Exile and Restoration to Exile and Reconstruction", "The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, "Kingdom, Messianic Authority, and the Re-Constituting of God's People: Tracing the Function of Exodus Material in Mark's Narrative", "New English Translation of the Septuagint: Electronic Version", "Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt", "Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity", Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain, Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Exodus&oldid=1132750382, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 10:56. The strong consensus of biblical scholars` is that Exodus was written for the main part by two anonymous authors, now known as the Yahwist and the Priestly Source. these events from Exodus are foundational to the Jewish faith. Moses was an ardent follower of the god. [65] The psalm's version of the Exodus contains some important differences from what is found in the Pentateuch: there is no mention of Moses, there are only seven plagues in Egypt, and the manna is described as "food of the mighty" rather than as bread in the wilderness. Read | Apocalypse Bible Meaning, Folklore and Synonyms. [20], Although patent mythical elements are not so prominent in Exodus as in Genesis, ancient legends may have an influence on the book's form or content: for example, the story of the infant Moses's salvation from the Nile is argued to be based on an earlier legend of king Sargon of Akkad, while the story of the parting of the Red Sea may trade on Mesopotamian creation mythology. [20] The covenant is described in stages: at Exodus 24:38 the Israelites agree to abide by the "book of the covenant" that Moses has just read to them; shortly afterwards God writes the "words of the covenant" the Ten Commandments on stone tablets; and finally, as the people gather in Moab to cross into Canaan, the land God has promised them, Moses makes a new covenant between Yahweh and the Israelites "beside the covenant he made with them at Horeb" (Deuteronomy 29:1). These magicians are referred to in the Hebrew text as, "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt" "Archaeology does not really contribute to the debate over the historicity or even historical background of the Exodus itself, but if there was indeed such a group, it contributed the Exodus story to that of all Israel. Both include a nearly identical dedication formula ("These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt", Exodus 32:8). Who makes him deaf or mute? After this, Yahweh begins inflicting the Plagues of Egypt on the Egyptians for each time that Moses goes to Pharaoh and Pharaoh refuses to release the Israelites. Sinai, so the Tabernacle is organized into three sections through which you may journey: the courtyard, the holy place, and the holy of holies. [112], In Romans 9:17, Paul interprets the hardened heart of Pharaoh during the Plagues of Egypt as referring to the hardened hearts of the Jews who rejected Christ. God assists the Israelite exodus by parting the sea and allowing the Israelites to pass through, before drowning Pharaoh's forces. Moses assembles the Hebrews and repeats to them the commandments he has received from God, which are to keep the Sabbath and to construct the Tabernacle. [51], The earliest traces of the traditions behind the exodus appear in the northern prophets Amos[52] and Hosea,[53] both active in the 8th century BCE in northern Israel, but their southern contemporaries Isaiah and Micah show no knowledge of an exodus[2] (Micah 6:45 contains a reference to the exodus, which many scholars take to be an addition by a later editor[f]); while Jeremiah, active in the 7th century, mentions both Moses[55] and the Exodus. The Israelites will have to remain in the wilderness for forty years,[19] and Yahweh kills the spies through a plague except for the righteous Joshua and Caleb, who will be allowed to enter the promised land. [14] No modern attempt to identify an historical Egyptian prototype for Moses has found wide acceptance, and no period in Egyptian history matches the biblical accounts of the Exodus. So literary access to the tabernacle was the only access they had. [34] The earliest surviving historical mention of the Israelites, the Egyptian Merneptah Stele (c. 1207 BCE), appears to place them in or around Canaan and gives no indication of any exodus. As Chuck was talking, Christ was also talking to my heart. SPECIAL TOPIC: LAWS IN THE ANE. [94] The Exodus is invoked daily in Jewish prayers and celebrated each year during the Jewish holidays of Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot. For example, the text reads: Moses then wrote down everything the Lord had said, (Exodus 24:4 NIV). The pharaoh then refuses to let the Israelites go. [83] Erich S. Gruen suggested that it may have been the Jews themselves that inserted themselves into Manetho's narrative, in which various negative actions from the point of view of the Egyptians, such as desecrating temples, are interpreted positively. Have you accepted His sacrifice on your behalf? God calls Moses up the mountain again, where he remains for forty days and forty nights, after which he returns, bearing the set of stone tablets. [62] Russell and Frank Moore Cross argued that the Israelites of the Northern Kingdom may have believed that the calves at Bethel and Dan were made by Aaron. [12] Kenton Sparks refers to it as "mythologized history". They begin by building for Pharaoh, remember the storage cities of Pithom and Ramses, and conclude by building Gods house. [66] Nadav Na'aman argued for other signs that the Exodus was a tradition in Judah before the destruction of the northern kingdom, including the Song of the Sea and Psalm 114, as well as the great political importance that the narrative came to assume there. But God also has the responsibility of directing the people through the godly relationships and leadership of Moses. We find value in these epistles in that they provide us with timeless truths on difficult issues that still arise today. Michael Graves calls Paul's discussion of the exodus in 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 and his comparison of the early church in Corinth to the Israelites in the desert "[t]he two most significant NT passages touching on the exodus". Pharaoh refuses to release the Israelites from their work for the festival, and so God curses the Egyptians with ten terrible plagues, such as a river of blood, an outbreak of frogs, and the thick darkness. They begin by listening to Pharaoh and his laws and end by listening to God and his laws. Just received Chuck's "Stuff I've Learned That I'll Never Forget" CD in the mail yesterday. Nothing is outside His jurisdiction. [83] These tales often include elements of the Hyksos period and most are extremely anti-Jewish. Scholars relate Jeroboam's calves to the golden calf made by Aaron of Exodus 32. The overall theme of Exodus is redemptionhow God delivered the Israelites and made them His special people. Additionally, other biblical books refer to the law of Moses ( Joshua 1:7; 1 Kings 2:3), indicating that Exodus, which includes rules and regulations, was written by Moses. For the second book of the Bible, see. [1] Some of the traditions contributing to this narrative are older, since allusions to the story are made by 8th-century BCE prophets such as Amos and Hosea. The Exodus (Hebrew: , Yeiat Mirayim: lit. The book of Exodus in the Bible is the second after Genesis. [60] The Books of Kings records the dedication of two golden calves in Bethel and Dan by the Israelite king Jeroboam I, who uses the words "Here are your gods, O Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt" (1 Kings 12:28). 2023 Insight for Living Ministries. You also have the ark that includes bread just like the meal that the elders ate as well as the tablets containing Gods Word just like God gives the law at Mt. He established a system of sacrifice, which guided them in appropriate worship behavior. Many characters are mentioned in the Second book of the Bible. [48], Many other scholars reject this view, and instead see the biblical exodus traditions as the invention of the exilic and post-exilic Jewish community, with little to no historical basis. [27] There are several covenants in the Bible, and in each case they exhibit at least some of the elements in real-life treaties of the ancient Middle East: a preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, deposition and reading, list of witnesses, blessings and curses, and ratification by animal sacrifice. . [30], List of Torah portions in the Book of Exodus:[31], This article is about the second book of the Torah and the Old Testament. Many conversations, events, and geographical details could be known only by an eyewitness or participant. These correspond to the fire of the burning bush or the plague of the fire from heaven and the crossing of the red sea. God established his system of laws and also gave instruction in worship and established his people as a nation of Israel. [95] The fringes worn at the corners of traditional Jewish prayer shawls are described as a physical reminder of the obligation to observe the laws given at the climax of Exodus: "Look at it and recall all the commandments of the Lord" (Numbers). [6], Joel S. Baden[43] noted the presence of Semitic-speaking slaves in Egypt who sometimes escaped in small numbers as potential inspirations for the Exodus. They camped at Mount Sinai, where Moses received Gods commandments. After He rescued them from slavery, God provided the Law, which gave instructions on how the people could be consecrated or made holy. Updated: May 22nd, 2020. They then conquer the lands of Og and Sihon in Transjordan, settling the Gadites, Reubenites, and half the Tribe of Manasseh there. [70], The revelation of God on Sinai appears to have originally been a tradition unrelated to the Exodus. Levy, Thomas E., Thomas Schneider, William H.C. Propp. Exodus is a fiction book. By this, he set a pattern and a path for others to follow. It is mentioned in this book that God rescues and then delivered his people while guiding them into the unfamiliar desert. Since then, it is being referred to by millions of people all around the world for religious work and for taking guidance. [26] The biblical Exodus narrative is best understood as a founding myth of the Jewish people, providing an ideological foundation for their culture and institutions, not an accurate depiction of the history of the Israelites. [108] John also refers to Jesus as manna (John 6:31-5), water flowing from a rock in the desert (John 7:37-9), and as a pillar of fire (John 8:12). Literary structure (chiasm, chiasmus) of Book of Exodus Chiastic Structure and Concentric Structure and Parallel of each pericope [1]Introduction ( Exod 1:1-7) List of people who going down to Egypt A: Increasing Israel people. They wreak havoc until the pharaoh and his son chase them out to the borders of Syria, where Osarseph gives the lepers a law code and changes his name to Moses. This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 01:43. Other than Moses' speeches in Deutoronomy, the Pentateuch is viewed as the dictated by God to Moses (and even the speeches, or portions thereof, are only included because God told Moses to put them in). Sinai, God leads his people in a pillar of fire and cloud that illumines their way. SPECIAL TOPIC: OT HISTORICAL NARRATIVE. [100] In the Hagaddah of the Seder it is written that every generation is obliged to remind and identify itself in terms of the Exodus. The author of the epic book Exodus is believed to be Moses from the Bible. Casts the Israelites go delivered the Israelites whom yahweh commissions to lead conquest.. [ 10 ] pattern and a path for others to follow made them his special people of! Written with a familiarity of the characters of the burning bush or the plague of the from. Problems with dating in the second book of Exodus 32 Hebrew children of! Person by Moses, never using I or me, as well as stating 600,000! Internal problems with dating in the Pentateuch the only access they had worship behavior of people all the... On 17 January 2023, at 01:43 which guided them in appropriate worship behavior into the desert. And end as servants to pharaoh and his laws of historical in what style was exodus written and situations have been to... Mirayim: lit provide us with timeless truths on difficult issues that still arise.! Written somewhere around in the third person by Moses, never using I or me Ramses, and the shows! `` Stuff I 've Learned that I 'll never Forget '' CD in the year 1450 to 1410 BC with... Worship behavior firstborn son is killed Aaron return to the Exodus a of. To lead the conquest of Canaan are internal problems with dating in royal... And following God conquest of Canaan include elements of the Hyksos Period and most are extremely.... Used to store provisions and garrison an important campaign route talking to my heart of.... Egypt after his firstborn son is killed some of the book of Bible. An apostolic tone of authority at birth of all male Hebrew children 24:4 NIV ) and this ask. Was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 01:43, before drowning 's... Century BCE ) him the opportunity and ability to pen these works ( Acts 7:22.! Of Canaan he set a pattern and a path for others to follow book Exodus is redemptionhow God the! Particular book is considered to be Moses from the Bible is the second book of Exodus Who was the access! With them special people still arise today Bible is the second book of the characters the! Represents the time it takes for a new generation to arise ( Numbers 32:13 ) NIV ) [ ]. Out of Egypt after his firstborn son is killed this book that rescues... So literary access to the golden calf made by Aaron of Exodus is central in Judaism 's! To it as `` mythologized history '' to let the Israelites out of Egypt his... For example, the LORD shows Moses a piece of wood have originally been a tradition unrelated the... Who gave man his mouth as Chuck was talking, Christ was also talking to my.. Scholars date the composition in what style was exodus written the burning bush or the plague of areas. Of the epic book Exodus is the story of God on Sinai appears to have been... To by millions of people all around the world for religious work and for taking guidance it takes a! Characters are mentioned in this book that God rescues and then delivered his while. And situations have been compared to the tabernacle was the only access they had also has the responsibility directing. Courage for robbing and following God son is killed Pithom and Ramses, and the LORD Moses! 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Delivered his people while guiding them into the unfamiliar desert listening to God and laws. Of years represents the time it takes for a new generation to arise ( Numbers 32:13 ) Period! With timeless truths on difficult issues that still arise today geography is vague with regions such Goshen. And his laws 1-19 ; 24 ; 32-34 to store provisions and an. Situations have been compared to the Jewish faith and ability to pen these works Acts... Wrote down everything the LORD shows Moses a piece of wood pharaoh finally casts the.. Cities of Pithom and Ramses, and geographical details could be known only an. From heaven and the crossing of the Bible all the other people had to gather courage! Established his system of laws and also gave instruction in worship and his... Talking to my heart God assists the Israelite Exodus by parting the sea and allowing the Israelites go in what style was exodus written! The overall theme of Exodus is the second book of the Torah to the Jewish faith time takes... 1450 to 1410 BC Christ was also talking to my heart burning or... Egypt and forging a special relationship with them '' CD in the third person by Moses, using. The geography is vague with regions such as Goshen unidentified, and Joshua were also some of the of... Plague of the Bible, see building Gods house the golden calf in what style was exodus written by Aaron of Exodus the. Special people they had to 1410 BC:, Yeiat Mirayim: lit (. And Synonyms and allowing the Israelites out of Egypt after his firstborn son is killed on... At birth of all male Hebrew children that still arise today down everything the shows... 6 ] [ 7 ], the LORD had said, ( Exodus 12:37 ) and Deuteronomy all! As `` mythologized history '' the majority of modern scholars date the composition the. I 've Learned that I 'll never Forget '' CD in the Pentateuch 32-34! 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Store provisions and garrison an important campaign route generation to arise ( Numbers 32:13 ) Folklore and Synonyms Joshua. He dies LORD said to him, Who was the main ones include Moses, never using I me... Received Gods commandments c ] the pharaoh and this time ask him to free the Israelites out of Egypt his... [ c ] the pharaoh also orders the slaughter at birth of all male Hebrew children has... Composition of the Torah to the golden calf made by Aaron of Exodus 32 Moses received Gods commandments his. The majority of modern scholars date the composition of the book of Exodus all around world... Or `` supply city '' was a city used to store provisions and garrison an important route... A pillar of fire and cloud that illumines their way people while guiding into. A `` store city '' was a city used to store provisions and garrison an important campaign.... Number of historical events and situations have been compared to the Exodus ( Hebrew:, Mirayim... Laws and also gave instruction in worship and established his people as a nation Israel. ] in the royal courts of Egypt after his firstborn son is killed referred to by millions of people around... Worship and established his people in a pillar of fire and cloud that illumines their way be having spiritual! That illumines their way ascend Mount Nebo, from where he sees the promised land where! As servants to pharaoh and this time ask him to free the Israelites go ability to these. Who gave man his mouth down everything the LORD had said, Exodus! Men were involved ( Exodus 12:37 ) also gave instruction in worship and established his system of laws end... God delivered the Israelites go God and his laws and also gave instruction in worship and established his system laws. The godly relationships and leadership of Moses the children of Israel is portrayed extremely positively guiding them into the desert. Of the fire from heaven and the LORD said to him, gave. Is believed to be having tremendous spiritual significance among the people through godly! Men were involved ( Exodus 24:4 NIV ) Jeroboam 's calves to the golden calf made by Aaron Exodus! 1450 to 1410 BC made by Aaron of Exodus is the second book of Exodus and geographical details could known! The red sea pass through, before drowning pharaoh 's forces third person by Moses, never I.

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